编写:kesenhoo - 原文:http://developer.android.com/training/basics/network-ops/xml.html
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 是一组将文档编码成机器可读形式的规则,也是一种在网络上共享数据的普遍格式。经常更新内容的网站比如新闻网站和博客上都提供XML feed来记录更新的信息,以便用户进行订阅读取。
上传[?]与解析XML数据是app的一个常见的功能。 这一课会介绍如何解析XML文档并使用他们的数据。
([?]这里很奇怪,为什么是Upload,看文章最后一段代码示例的注释,应该是Download才对)
我们推荐XmlPullParser, 它是在Android上一个高效且可维护的解析XML方法。 Android 上有这个接口的两种实现方式:
两个选择都是比较好的。下面的示例中是使用ExpatPullParser,通过Xml.newPullParser()得到.
解析一个feed的第一步是决定你需要获取的字段。这样解析器便去抽取出那些需要的字段而忽视其他的字段。
下面的XML片段是章节概览Sample app中解析的Feed的片段。StackOverflow上每一个帖子都在feed中以时包含几个嵌套的子标签(tag)的entry标签的形式出现。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:creativeCommons="http://backend.userland.com/creativeCommonsRssModule" ...">
<title type="text">newest questions tagged android - Stack Overflow</title>
...
<entry>
...
</entry>
<entry>
<id>http://stackoverflow.com/q/9439999</id>
<re:rank scheme="http://stackoverflow.com">0</re:rank>
<title type="text">Where is my data file?</title>
<category scheme="http://stackoverflow.com/feeds/tag?tagnames=android&sort=newest/tags" term="android"/>
<category scheme="http://stackoverflow.com/feeds/tag?tagnames=android&sort=newest/tags" term="file"/>
<author>
<name>cliff2310</name>
<uri>http://stackoverflow.com/users/1128925</uri>
</author>
<link rel="alternate" href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9439999/where-is-my-data-file" />
<published>2012-02-25T00:30:54Z</published>
<updated>2012-02-25T00:30:54Z</updated>
<summary type="html">
<p>I have an Application that requires a data file...</p>
</summary>
</entry>
<entry>
...
</entry>
...
</feed>
Sample app从entry标签与它的子标签title,link和summary中提取数据.
下一步就是实例化一个parser并开始解析的操作。在下面的片段中,一个parser被初始化来处理名称空间,并且将InputStream作为输入。它通过调用nextTag())开始解析,并调用 readFeed() 方法,readFeed()方法会提取并处理app需要的数据:
public class StackOverflowXmlParser {
// We don't use namespaces
private static final String ns = null;
public List parse(InputStream in) throws XmlPullParserException, IOException {
try {
XmlPullParser parser = Xml.newPullParser();
parser.setFeature(XmlPullParser.FEATURE_PROCESS_NAMESPACES, false);
parser.setInput(in, null);
parser.nextTag();
return readFeed(parser);
} finally {
in.close();
}
}
...
}
readFeed() 方法实际上并没有处理feed的内容。它只是在寻找一个 "entry" 的标签作为递归(recursively)处理整个feed的起点。 readFeed()方法会跳过不是"entry"的标签。当整个feed都被递归处理后,readFeed() 会返回一个从feed中提取的包含了entry标签(包括里面的数据成员)的 List。然后这个List成为parser的返回值。
private List readFeed(XmlPullParser parser) throws XmlPullParserException, IOException {
List entries = new ArrayList();
parser.require(XmlPullParser.START_TAG, ns, "feed");
while (parser.next() != XmlPullParser.END_TAG) {
if (parser.getEventType() != XmlPullParser.START_TAG) {
continue;
}
String name = parser.getName();
// Starts by looking for the entry tag
if (name.equals("entry")) {
entries.add(readEntry(parser));
} else {
skip(parser);
}
}
return entries;
}
解析步骤如下:
下面的代码演示了如何解析 entries, titles, links 与 summaries.
public static class Entry {
public final String title;
public final String link;
public final String summary;
private Entry(String title, String summary, String link) {
this.title = title;
this.summary = summary;
this.link = link;
}
}
// Parses the contents of an entry. If it encounters a title, summary, or link tag, hands them off
// to their respective "read" methods for processing. Otherwise, skips the tag.
private Entry readEntry(XmlPullParser parser) throws XmlPullParserException, IOException {
parser.require(XmlPullParser.START_TAG, ns, "entry");
String title = null;
String summary = null;
String link = null;
while (parser.next() != XmlPullParser.END_TAG) {
if (parser.getEventType() != XmlPullParser.START_TAG) {
continue;
}
String name = parser.getName();
if (name.equals("title")) {
title = readTitle(parser);
} else if (name.equals("summary")) {
summary = readSummary(parser);
} else if (name.equals("link")) {
link = readLink(parser);
} else {
skip(parser);
}
}
return new Entry(title, summary, link);
}
// Processes title tags in the feed.
private String readTitle(XmlPullParser parser) throws IOException, XmlPullParserException {
parser.require(XmlPullParser.START_TAG, ns, "title");
String title = readText(parser);
parser.require(XmlPullParser.END_TAG, ns, "title");
return title;
}
// Processes link tags in the feed.
private String readLink(XmlPullParser parser) throws IOException, XmlPullParserException {
String link = "";
parser.require(XmlPullParser.START_TAG, ns, "link");
String tag = parser.getName();
String relType = parser.getAttributeValue(null, "rel");
if (tag.equals("link")) {
if (relType.equals("alternate")){
link = parser.getAttributeValue(null, "href");
parser.nextTag();
}
}
parser.require(XmlPullParser.END_TAG, ns, "link");
return link;
}
// Processes summary tags in the feed.
private String readSummary(XmlPullParser parser) throws IOException, XmlPullParserException {
parser.require(XmlPullParser.START_TAG, ns, "summary");
String summary = readText(parser);
parser.require(XmlPullParser.END_TAG, ns, "summary");
return summary;
}
// For the tags title and summary, extracts their text values.
private String readText(XmlPullParser parser) throws IOException, XmlPullParserException {
String result = "";
if (parser.next() == XmlPullParser.TEXT) {
result = parser.getText();
parser.nextTag();
}
return result;
}
...
}
上面描述的XML解析步骤中有一步就是跳过不需要的tag,下面演示解析器的 skip() 方法:
private void skip(XmlPullParser parser) throws XmlPullParserException, IOException {
if (parser.getEventType() != XmlPullParser.START_TAG) {
throw new IllegalStateException();
}
int depth = 1;
while (depth != 0) {
switch (parser.next()) {
case XmlPullParser.END_TAG:
depth--;
break;
case XmlPullParser.START_TAG:
depth++;
break;
}
}
}
下面解释这个方法如何工作:
因此如果目前的标签有子标签, 直到解析器已经处理了所有位于START_TAG与对应的END_TAG之间的事件之前,depth 的值不会为 0。例如,看解析器如何跳过 <author>
标签,它有2个子标签,<name>
与 <uri>
:
<name>
. depth值变为2.</name>
. depth值变为1.<uri>
. depth值变为2.</uri>
. depth值变为1.</author>
. depth值变为0, 表明成功跳过了<author>
标签.示例程序是在 AsyncTask 中获取与解析XML数据的。这样处理工程不会在UI线程中执行。当处理完毕后,app会更新main activity(NetworkActivity)的UI。
在下面示例代码中,loadPage() 方法做了下面的事情:
public class NetworkActivity extends Activity {
public static final String WIFI = "Wi-Fi";
public static final String ANY = "Any";
private static final String URL = "http://stackoverflow.com/feeds/tag?tagnames=android&sort=newest";
// Whether there is a Wi-Fi connection.
private static boolean wifiConnected = false;
// Whether there is a mobile connection.
private static boolean mobileConnected = false;
// Whether the display should be refreshed.
public static boolean refreshDisplay = true;
public static String sPref = null;
...
// Uses AsyncTask to download the XML feed from stackoverflow.com.
public void loadPage() {
if((sPref.equals(ANY)) && (wifiConnected || mobileConnected)) {
new DownloadXmlTask().execute(URL);
}
else if ((sPref.equals(WIFI)) && (wifiConnected)) {
new DownloadXmlTask().execute(URL);
} else {
// show error
}
}
下面展示的是 AsyncTask 的子类,DownloadXmlTask实现了 AsyncTask 的如下方法:
// Implementation of AsyncTask used to download XML feed from stackoverflow.com.
private class DownloadXmlTask extends AsyncTask<String, Void, String> {
@Override
protected String doInBackground(String... urls) {
try {
return loadXmlFromNetwork(urls[0]);
} catch (IOException e) {
return getResources().getString(R.string.connection_error);
} catch (XmlPullParserException e) {
return getResources().getString(R.string.xml_error);
}
}
@Override
protected void onPostExecute(String result) {
setContentView(R.layout.main);
// Displays the HTML string in the UI via a WebView
WebView myWebView = (WebView) findViewById(R.id.webview);
myWebView.loadData(result, "text/html", null);
}
}
下面是loadXmlFromNetwork()方法做的事情:
List<Entry>
,Entry对象包括title, url, summary字段来保存从XML feed中提取的数据.List<Entry>
.List<Entry>
, 将feed数据与HTML标记结合起来.// Uploads XML from stackoverflow.com, parses it, and combines it with
// HTML markup. Returns HTML string.【这里可以看出应该是Download】
private String loadXmlFromNetwork(String urlString) throws XmlPullParserException, IOException {
InputStream stream = null;
// Instantiate the parser
StackOverflowXmlParser stackOverflowXmlParser = new StackOverflowXmlParser();
List<Entry> entries = null;
String title = null;
String url = null;
String summary = null;
Calendar rightNow = Calendar.getInstance();
DateFormat formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("MMM dd h:mmaa");
// Checks whether the user set the preference to include summary text
SharedPreferences sharedPrefs = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(this);
boolean pref = sharedPrefs.getBoolean("summaryPref", false);
StringBuilder htmlString = new StringBuilder();
htmlString.append("<h3>" + getResources().getString(R.string.page_title) + "</h3>");
htmlString.append("<em>" + getResources().getString(R.string.updated) + " " +
formatter.format(rightNow.getTime()) + "</em>");
try {
stream = downloadUrl(urlString);
entries = stackOverflowXmlParser.parse(stream);
// Makes sure that the InputStream is closed after the app is
// finished using it.
} finally {
if (stream != null) {
stream.close();
}
}
// StackOverflowXmlParser returns a List (called "entries") of Entry objects.
// Each Entry object represents a single post in the XML feed.
// This section processes the entries list to combine each entry with HTML markup.
// Each entry is displayed in the UI as a link that optionally includes
// a text summary.
for (Entry entry : entries) {
htmlString.append("<p><a href='");
htmlString.append(entry.link);
htmlString.append("'>" + entry.title + "</a></p>");
// If the user set the preference to include summary text,
// adds it to the display.
if (pref) {
htmlString.append(entry.summary);
}
}
return htmlString.toString();
}
// Given a string representation of a URL, sets up a connection and gets
// an input stream.
【关于Timeout具体应该设置多少,可以借鉴这里的数据,当然前提是一般情况下】
// Given a string representation of a URL, sets up a connection and gets
// an input stream.
private InputStream downloadUrl(String urlString) throws IOException {
URL url = new URL(urlString);
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
conn.setReadTimeout(10000 /* milliseconds */);
conn.setConnectTimeout(15000 /* milliseconds */);
conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
conn.setDoInput(true);
// Starts the query
conn.connect();
return conn.getInputStream();
}